The release of Graham Saxby’s third edition of Practical Holography shows how well the author understands what people need from a complete book on holography. He takes the reader through what a hologram is, the history of holography, what sort of light sources can be used to make a hologram, what kinds have been made to date and so on through to making and displaying your own images.
The book is written in a clear and concise manner and is augmented by additional tips, definitions, and observations in the margins as well as extensive source references at the end of each chapter.
If you’re new to the field or hobby of holography you should make this one of the first books you buy. Even if you’re an old hand this book will probably show you a few new tricks.
Overview of the book
The first four chapters (What is a hologram, How holography began, Light sources for holography, The basic types of hologram) should be read through by anyone starting out in holography. You don’t necessarily need to understand everything in those chapters right off, but by reading those basics you’ll be better prepared to digest the rest of the book.
The first chapter explains what a hologram is, interference, diffraction, amplitude and phase gratings in a way that most interested readers will have no trouble understanding.
The book continues through the history of holography, the light sources used to make holograms, the basic types of holograms and describes the materials and processing used in making holograms.
It’s in chapter six that Saxby begins explaining how the reader can make their first single-beam hologram using a gas or diode laser. This chapter has complete details on all the equipment needed, how to set it up, shoot it, process the exposed film and view your finished hologram. If you are unfortunate enough to end up with a dim or non-existent image (which is likely to happen the first time) the author takes you through the steps needed to find out what happened and how to fix the problem.
Chapter seven then takes the reader through more advanced single-beam configurations and introduces a few new tools and methods such as using a spatial filter, index matching film and multi-exposure techniques.
The rest of the book shows a similar progression, taking the reader through more complicated steps such as making transfer holograms, building a holography lab, creating master and copy holograms, homemade optical elements and so on.
For those with a mathematical bent, the first three appendices contain information you’ll want to read and digest after going through the first few chapters of the book. These appendices are clearly written and approachable even to those who aren’t particularly adept at mathematics. Saxby also includes an appendix with worksheets for computing the geometries needed for several forms of multicolor holograms.
If you’ve been around the block a time or two (or at least ridden with someone else) you might think that this book would offer little new material. In fact, there is plenty of material for the more experienced holographer. The material ranges from information on fiber optics use, color holography, edge lit holograms and beyond. See the included table of contents from chapter 16 on.
Differences between this and the previous edition
Extensive side notes have been added which expand on and clarify the information given in the main text. These comments could have been left out and the book would not have suffered but by adding them the author gives information that enriches the main text.
The chapter on light sources used for holography has been expanded to include information on diode lasers as well as new information on DPSS (diode-pumped solid-state) and white light laser sources.
The pages devoted to copying holograms have been greatly expanded from one chapter with six pages to two chapters of nearly thirty pages. These cover several techniques for copying both transmission and reflection holograms and close by covering the relatively new technique of edge lighting holograms.
Natural color holography now has a full chapter devoted to it which starts by covering how we perceive color as well as details on how the eye responds to light of differing wavelengths. Details are then given on how individual primary colors are commonly combined to form colors that you won’t find in the natural spectrum. From there the author describes how lasers of differing color may be combined on the table to create a simulated full-color image. While this chapter won’t give you all the details you need for natural color holography it will get you started and there are several references at the end of the chapter that can carry you further.
A chapter has been added covering non-silver processes for making holograms and even includes limited information on coating your own glass plates. This chapter starts out by mentioning the high sensitivity of silver-halide emulsions and discussing the major reasons for its use. Saxby moves on to the details of dichromated gelatin (DCG) use and outlines methods for mixing DCG, coating glass plates, exposure and processing. If you’re interested in extremely bright holograms, this section will definitely whet your appetite for rolling your own plates. From there he moves on to brief discussions of SHSG, photopolymers, photothermoplastics and other processes. He doesn’t go into the same detail in the later sections as he does for DCG but there are plenty of references at the end of the chapter.
Holographic stereograms now have an entire chapter devoted to them. This chapter includes instructions for making several different kinds of stereogram and details for creating good source material, usually photographs. The author even outlines some methods for computer control of a simple holoprinter as well as color control to obtain achromatic and full-color transfers.
A new chapter on the use of holography in biology and medicine includes information on hologram use for dental training, ophthalmology and stereogram use with PET and CAT scan data.
The appendix on processing formulas has been updated and expanded and now includes instruction on creating your own emulsion.
So, the book is perfect is it?
While there are a few typographical errors that the publisher is working to correct in future printings, there really isn’t much that I could find fault with. A few relatively minor complaints are detailed below.
Interferometer testing isn’t introduced until chapter 11 but making your first hologram begins in chapter 6. The reasoning behind this is likely twofold.
- All the table setups prior to chapter 11 involve using a single beam for the reference and object light and there are less stringent stability requirements for single-beam setups.
- Setting up an interferometer requires two mirrors, one beam splitter and one lens as well as mounts for all of those elements and Saxby makes an effort to minimize the equipment needed to get going.
Forcing the reader to buy additional optics needed only for the interferometer could be seen as an impediment to bringing people into the field. My only complaint with that reasoning (if that really is what determined where table testing was placed in the book) is that knowing your environment can be critical in understanding your failures when starting out in holography. You will have a few failures in the beginning, especially if you’re not working in a dedicated laser lab. While single-beam setups are less sensitive to vibration problems, they aren’t immune and testing your area with an interferometer can give you invaluable information about what limitations you start out with.
Not all film listed is still available (Kodak no longer makes plates) or available to the general public (most photopolymer material). This is not surprising as this is an area of the field that is in constant change. New materials are appearing as old materials are being refined or disappear completely. You’d be better served by doing an Internet search or checking in the Holography Forum (www.holographyforum.org) for the current state of the art.
My soft cover copy is only three months old and is already coming apart at the binding. This may be a problem with that particular run.
All three editions of Practical Holography have included a hologram of some kind. The first edition actually included two, an embossed hologram on the cover and a silver-halide hologram on the first page. Unfortunately the second and third editions have only included embossed holograms on the cover and while I’m sure that type was selected for the relatively low production cost, they are not the best examples of the art. The depth of field available with embossed holograms is severely limited and while they are visible in almost any light, embossed holograms lack the impressive sense of 3D available from simple reflection holograms on silver-halide or photopolymer.
Summary
I have no trouble at all in recommending the third edition of Practical Holography to everyone interested in holography. There’s something for every holographer in this book.
Table of contents
Foreword to first edition | xv |
Preface to third edition | xvii |
Preface to second edition | xviii |
From the preface to first edition | xx |
PART 1: PRINCIPLES OF HOLOGRAPHY | 1 |
Chapter 1: What is a hologram? | 3 |
Stereoscopy | 3 |
Defining the problem | 6 |
The problem solved | 7 |
Interference | 8 |
An experiment with interference fringes | 8 |
Diffraction | 11 |
Amplitude and phase gratings | 13 |
Chapter 2: How holography began | 16 |
References | 22 |
Chapter 3: Light sources for holography | 24 |
Light as an electromagnetic phenomenon | 24 |
Propagation of electromagnetic waves | 24 |
Oscillators | 26 |
Properties of light beams | 27 |
Atoms and energy | 28 |
Stimulated emission | 29 |
The three-level solid-state laser | 30 |
Q-switching | 33 |
Four-level gas lasers | 34 |
Mirrors and windows in CW lasers | 35 |
Ion lasers | 37 |
Tunable lasers | 39 |
Semiconductor (diode) lasers | 40 |
Diode-pumped solid-state (DPSS) lasers | 41 |
Pseudowhite lasers | 42 |
Warning notices | 43 |
Avoiding accidents | 43 |
Protective eyewear | 44 |
Pulse laser | 44 |
The laser itself | 44 |
Further reading | 45 |
Chapter 4: The basic types of hologram | 46 |
Laser transmission holograms | 46 |
Replaying the image | 46 |
The real image | 47 |
Reflection holograms | 48 |
Phase holograms | 50 |
Image-plane holograms | 51 |
White-light transmission holograms | 52 |
Other types of hologram | 55 |
Color holography | 56 |
Embossed holograms | 56 |
Chapter 5: Materials, exposure and processing | 57 |
The silver halide process | 57 |
Technical requirements for holographic materials | 59 |
Constituents of a developer | 59 |
Bleaches | 63 |
Other processes | 65 |
PART 2: PRACTICAL DISPLAY HOLOGRAPHY | 67 |
Chapter 6: Making your first hologram | 69 |
Basic requirements | 69 |
The laser | 71 |
A beam expander | 72 |
Support for the laser | 73 |
Support for the plate | 74 |
Setting up for the exposure | 75 |
Setup with a small diode laser | 76 |
An alternative setup for a larger laser | 76 |
Processing solutions | 77 |
Exposing | 77 |
Processing | 77 |
Viewing the image | 78 |
A one-step real image | 79 |
Displaying your hologram | 79 |
What went wrong? | 80 |
Suppliers of holographic materials | 81 |
Further reading | 81 |
Chapter 7: Single-beam techniques 1 | 83 |
Single-beam holograms of unstable subject matter | 83 |
Building a single-beam frame | 87 |
A rear-surface mirror system without double reflections | 89 |
The laser | 89 |
Triangular benches | 91 |
Spatial filtering | 92 |
Setting up with a spatial filter | 94 |
Making an electrically operated shutter | 95 |
Safelights | 96 |
Index-matching fluid | 97 |
Exposing and processing | 99 |
Getting the exposure right | 100 |
Multi-exposure techniques | 100 |
Chapter 8: Single-beam techniques 2 | 103 |
The transfer principle | 103 |
Making a reflection master hologram | 103 |
Transmission transfer holograms | 105 |
360∘ holograms | 106 |
Further applications of single-beam holograms | 114 |
Mounting and finishing holograms | 114 |
Troubleshooting | 115 |
Chapter 9: Bypass holograms | 120 |
Transmission master holograms | 121 |
Reflection master holograms | 123 |
Reflection transfer holograms | 124 |
Full-aperture transmission transfer holograms | 124 |
Rainbow holograms | 125 |
Reflection holograms from transmission masters | 125 |
Transflection holograms | 126 |
Other configurations | 127 |
References | 127 |
Chapter 10: Building a holographic laboratory | 128 |
Laboratory space | 128 |
The optical table | 129 |
Building a sand table | 129 |
Supporting the optical components | 132 |
Building a concrete table | 133 |
Metal tables | 134 |
Table supports | 135 |
Bases for optical components | 136 |
Excluding drafts | 137 |
Mounting the laser | 138 |
A gantry for overhead equipment | 139 |
Cantilevers | 140 |
Draft excluder | 142 |
Processing area | 142 |
Storeroom | 143 |
Display area | 143 |
References | 143 |
Chapter 11: Master holograms on a table | 144 |
Beamsplitters | 144 |
Other types of beamsplitter | 145 |
Illuminating the subject | 146 |
Collimating mountings | 150 |
Plate holder | 151 |
Collimating mirror | r152 |
How stable is your table | 153 |
Basic configuration for transmission master holograms | 156 |
What went wrong? | 160 |
Backlighting and background illumination | 161 |
Silhouettes and black holes | 161 |
Supine subjects | 162 |
Frontal illumination | 163 |
Multiple-exposure techniques | 163 |
Masters for rainbow holograms | 165 |
Reflection master holograms | 165 |
Working with plates | 166 |
Cutting glass | 167 |
Processing plates | 168 |
Optical fiber systems for holography | 168 |
Multimode fibers | 168 |
Single-mode fibers | 169 |
Launching the beam | 169 |
Making holograms with fiber optics | 170 |
Connecting fiber ends | 171 |
Further reading | 172 |
Chapter 12: Transfer reflection holograms | 173 |
Parallax in transfer holograms | 174 |
Reflection transfer holograms from transmission masters | 176 |
How to deal with weak master images | 178 |
Side and underneath beam master transfers | 178 |
The role of the Bragg condition | 181 |
Two-channel transfer holograms | 182 |
Holograms of stereoscopic pairs of photographs | 183 |
Multi-channel images | 184 |
Converging reference beams | 185 |
Pellicular collimating mirrors | 187 |
Copying holograms | 188 |
Copies by scanning | 189 |
What went wrong? | 191 |
Chapter 13: Transfer transmission holograms | 192 |
Full-aperture transfer holograms | 192 |
Rainbow holograms | 193 |
Geometry of a rainbow hologram | 194 |
Slit width | 196 |
A one-dimensional beam expander | 197 |
A convergent reference beam | 198 |
Multi-channel rainbow holograms | 199 |
What went wrong? | 200 |
Edge-lit holograms | 201 |
Chapter 14: Holograms including focusing optics | 205 |
Demagnifying and magnifying | 205 |
Image enlargement and reduction | 207 |
Focused-image holograms | 210 |
Focused-image reflection holograms | 212 |
One-step rainbow holograms | 213 |
Synthetic-slit holograms | 217 |
Fourier-transform holograms | 218 |
References | 223 |
Chapter 15: Homemade optical elements | 224 |
Liquid-filled lenses | 224 |
One-dimensional collimators | 224 |
What to do in case of leaks | 227 |
Other sizes and focal lengths | 227 |
Calculations for designing a liquid-filled lens | 227 |
Two-dimensional collimating lenses | 229 |
Measurements for a collimating lens | 230 |
Focusing lenses | 231 |
Holographic optical elements (HOES) | 232 |
Calculation of focal length | 233 |
Holographic diffraction gratings | 234 |
Holographic lenses | 235 |
Making holographic mirrors and beamsplitters | 236 |
Holographic collimating mirrors | 237 |
Aberrations of HOEs | 238 |
Multi-beam HOEs | 239 |
A more uniform laser beam | 240 |
References | 240 |
Chapter 16: Portraiture and pulse laser holography | 241 |
Construction of a ruby laser | 242 |
Safety considerations | 242 |
Maintenance of pulse lasers | 243 |
Other types of pulse laser | 243 |
Setting up a pulse laser studio | 243 |
Special problems with holographic portraiture | 245 |
Lighting for portraiture | 245 |
Exposure | 248 |
Processing | 248 |
Other subject matter | 248 |
Double and multiple pulses | 249 |
References | 240 |
Chapter 17: Holography in natural colors | 251 |
The eye and color perception | 252 |
The CIE chromaticity diagram | 254 |
Color transmission holograms | 256 |
Denisyuk holograms in color | 257 |
Transfer holograms in color | 258 |
Portraiture in color | 258 |
The problem of color accuracy | 258 |
The future of color holography | 259 |
References | 259 |
Chapter 18: Achromatic and pseudocolor holograms | 260 |
Achromatic white-light transmission holograms | 260 |
Dispersion compensation | 261 |
The achromatic angle for transmission masters | 262 |
Achromatic reflection holograms | 264 |
Pseudocolor holograms | 266 |
Pseudocolor single-beam reflection holograms | 266 |
Pseudocolor transfer reflection holograms | 268 |
Accurate color registration by geometry | 269 |
How to obtain precise registration | 270 |
Pseudocolor white-light transmission holograms | 271 |
Obtaining better registration | 273 |
One-step pseudocolor WLT holograms | 275 |
References | 277 |
Chapter 19: Holographic stereograms | 279 |
The multiplexing principle | 279 |
Making a multiplexed hologram | 280 |
Cylindrical stereograms | 282 |
Making a Cross hologram | 284 |
Flat image-plane stereograms | 285 |
The scope of modern stereographic imagery | 286 |
Geometrier for photographic originations | 286 |
Perspective and distortion | 287 |
Wide-angle distortion | 289 |
Alignment and spacing of the photographs | 290 |
Long base stereograms | 291 |
Registration | 291 |
Computer control of imagery | 292 |
Basic considerations for a stereographic holoprinter | 292 |
Exposing | 295 |
Stereogram masters from photographic prints | 296 |
Preventing dropouts | 297 |
Computer image processing | 298 |
Achromatic and color stereograms | 300 |
Transferring achromatic stereograms | 301 |
Full-color stereograms | 303 |
Full-color WLT transfer stereograms | 304 |
Full-color reflection transfer stereograms | 305 |
Color balance | 307 |
Color accuracy: WLT or reflection? | 307 |
Calculating distances | 308 |
Stereograms with full parallax | 308 |
Perspective correction by pre-distortion | 309 |
Conical stereograms | 311 |
Volume multiplexed holograms | 312 |
References | 314 |
Chapter 20: Non-silver processes for holography | 316 |
Dichromated gelatin (DCG) | 317 |
Rendering DCG sensitive to red light | 319 |
Coating plates | 319 |
Exposing | 320 |
Processing | 321 |
Sealing the hologram | 321 |
Color control | 322 |
Silver halide sensitized gelatin (SHSG) | 322 |
Photopolymers | 322 |
Photothermoplastics | 323 |
Photoresists | 324 |
Photochromic materials | 324 |
Bacteriorhodopsin | 325 |
Photorefractive crystals | 325 |
References | 326 |
Chapter 21: Embossed holograms | 328 |
The initial artwork | 328 |
Holographic recording | 329 |
Making the photoresist master | 329 |
Depositing the conductive layer | 330 |
The first-generation master | 331 |
Electroforming of final shims | 331 |
The embossing process | 332 |
Further reading | 333 |
References | 333 |
Chapter 22: Display techniques | 334 |
Basic types of hologram and their display | 335 |
Displaying holograms at home | 336 |
Window displays | 339 |
Displays to accompany lectures and presentations | 339 |
Submitting holograms for exhibitions | 340 |
Packing a hologram for forwarding to an exhibition | 340 |
Organizing an exhibition of holograms | 341 |
Lighting arrangements | 341 |
Light sources | 341 |
Installing the exhibits | 342 |
Floor plan | 342 |
Relevant information | 343 |
Environment | 344 |
Photographing holograms | 344 |
Equipment | 345 |
Reflection holograms | 346 |
Transmission holograms | 349 |
Viewpoint and parallax | 350 |
Unusual holograms | 351 |
Photographing holograms at exhibitions | 351 |
Using flash | 351 |
Presenting slides of holograms | 352 |
Copyright | 352 |
References | 352 |
PART 3: APPLIED HOLOGRAPHY | 353 |
Chapter 23: Holography and measurement | 355 |
Direct measurements using holography | 355 |
The principle of holographic interferometry | 356 |
Real-time interferometry | 356 |
Double-exposure interferometry | 357 |
Time-average interferometry | 359 |
Strobed interferometry | 360 |
Visualization of fluid flows | 360 |
Doubled illuminating beams | 362 |
A camera for holographic interferometry | 362 |
Sandwich holography | 363 |
Reference mirror rotation | 365 |
Fringe measurement | 365 |
Speckle interferometry | 365 |
Holographic contouring | 366 |
Summary of applications | 367 |
Further reading | 368 |
References | 369 |
Chapter 24: Data storage and diffractive elements | 371 |
Why holographic data storage? | 371 |
Data processing | 372 |
Spatial filtering with Fourier-transform holograms | 372 |
Fourier-transform holograms: the principles | 375 |
Image de-blurring | 376 |
Correlation filtering | 376 |
Computer-generated holograms (CGHs) | 378 |
Applications of Fourier-transform CGHs | 378 |
Strategies for making CGHs | 380 |
CGHs with a personal computer | 381 |
Diffractive optical elements | 381 |
Basic types of DOE | 382 |
Fabrication of DOES | 385 |
Applications of DOES | 386 |
Further reading | 386 |
References | 387 |
Chapter 25: Holography in biology and medicine | 389 |
Dental holography | 389 |
Histology and pathology | 389 |
Ophthalmic holography | 391 |
Multiplexed holograms | 392 |
Holograms and diagnostics | 393 |
References | 393 |
Chapter 26: Holographic motion pictures and video | 395 |
Making the image move | 395 |
Real-time holography | 395 |
Holographic movies | 397 |
Holographic video and television | 398 |
References | 400 |
Chapter 27: Other applications of holography | 402 |
Far-field holography | 402 |
Holomicrography | 403 |
Microwave holography | 404 |
Infrared holography | 405 |
Ultraviolet holography | 405 |
X-ray holography | 406 |
Electron holography | 406 |
Acoustic holography | 406 |
Light-in-flight holography | 408 |
Polarization holography | 410 |
Conoscopic holography | 411 |
Pseudodeep holograms | 412 |
Digital holography | 413 |
Conclusion | 414 |
References | 414 |
Appendix 1: The mathematical background to holography | 417 |
Formation of a hologram | 417 |
Reconstruction of the image | 420 |
Traveling and standing waves | 420 |
Bragg diffraction | 421 |
Effects of shrinkage during processing | 424 |
Modulation and contrast | 425 |
Appendix 2: The Fourier approach to image formation | 429 |
Fourier series | 431 |
Fourier transform | 435 |
Reciprocal relationship of x-space and frequency space | 438 |
The Fourier convolution theorem | 441 |
Two-dimensional objects | 443 |
Further reading | 446 |
Appendix 3: Geometrier for creative holography | 447 |
Designing a setup for a white-light transmission hologram | 447 |
Worksheet for multicolor WLT holograms | 451 |
Multicolor layouts designed by geometry | 453 |
Locating the hinge point and illumination axis | 455 |
Multicolor WLT hologram geometry | 456 |
Multicolor reflection hologram geometry | 457 |
References | 458 |
Appendix 4: Fringe stabilization | 459 |
Error detector | 460 |
Expanding the fringes | 460 |
Comparator and amplifier | 463 |
Transducer | 463 |
Appendix 5: Processing formulas | 466 |
Developers for silver halide emulsions | 466 |
Developers for transmission holograms | 466 |
Developer for true-color holograms | 468 |
The pyrochrome process | 468 |
Image color control | 469 |
Solution-physical developers | 470 |
Rehalogenating bleaches | 470 |
Haze removal | 471 |
Oxidized developing agents as bleaches | 471 |
Pre- and post-swelling | 472 |
Silver halide sensitized gelatin processing | 472 |
Preparation of red-sensitive DCG emulsion | 474 |
Making your own holographic emulsion | 475 |
Electroplating formulas | 477 |
References | 478 |
Index | |
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